![]() ![]() Ureteroscopy/nephroscopy and percutaneous stone procedure. ![]() Transurethral cystolitholapaxy in children.J Endourol. Endoscopic removal of bladder stones in adults. Percutaneous cystolithotomy for vesicle calculi: a better approach.Tech Urol 1999 5: 40-2. Lithotrity- a single operation: Boston Med Surg J 1879 98: 259-91.Ģ4. Pediatricurolithiasis: medical and surgical management. Cohen TD, Ehreth J, King LR, Preminger GM. Sonographic appearance of a bladder calculus secondary to a suture from a bladder neck suspension. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier 2007. Wein A, Kavoussi L, Novick A, PartinA, Peters C. Posterior urethral valves with vesical calculus: A rare Association J Indian AssocPediatrSurg / Jul-Sep 2009 / Vol 14 / Issue 3. ![]() Posterior urethral valves and vesicolithiasis in children. Vesical calculi in children in Kuwait Progress in Pediatric Surgery.1982, 15:243-254.ġ6. ![]() Bladder stones in patients with spinal cord injury: a long-term study. Bartel P, Krebs J, Wöllner J, Göcking K, Pannek J. In: Walsh PC, Retik AB, Vaughan ED, Wein AJ, editors. Urinary lithiasis: etiology, diagnosis, and medical management. Fogarty International Center.Edited by Robert Van Reen. Where and how does urinary stone disease start? An essay on the expectation on free-and fixed-particle urinary stone disease, in idiopathic urinary bladder stone disease.Sponsored by John E. Geographical and nutritional aspects of endemic stones, in urinary calculus international urinary stone conference. Idiopathic urinary bladder stone disease in India historical aspects, geographical incidence, and clinical features, in idiopathic urinary bladder stone disease. Fogurty International Center.Edited by Robert Van Reen. Vesicallithiasis etiology and management, in idiopathic urinary bladder stone disease. (1975) Calculous disease a survey of 400 patients. Infrared spectrometric analysis of endemic bladder stones in Niger. V anwaeyenbergh J, Vergauwe D, Verbeeck RM. Bladder lithiasis: from open surgery to lithotripsy. 1999 31(5):591-600.Ĥ Papatsoris AG, Varkarakis I, Dellis A, Deliveliotis C. Percutaneous suprapubiccystolithotripsy for pediatric bladder stones in a developing country. Pathophysiology and clinical aspects of urinary lithiasis. Vella M, Karydi M, Coraci G, Oriti R, Melloni D. Early diagnosis & appropriate management are essential for managing vesical calculi in children.ġ. Minimally invasive surgeries like extracorporeal lithotripsy, percutaneous nephrolithotripsy & urethroscopy have reduced open surgery to only 1- 4% of cases. With ongoing advances in instrumentation procedures like Transurethral optical litholapaxy are now applicable to children. Open cystolithotomy was done earlier which is being replaced by cystolitholapaxy. Indications for surgery are failure of medical management, recurrent infections, acute urinary retention, suprapubic pain & significant gross hematuria. The only effective medical treatment is urinary alkalization. Treatment for vesical calculi depends on the size, composition & symptoms. Spiral CT scanning is highly sensitive & specific whereas Pelvic MRI orTechnetium-99m MAG-3 renal scanning yields poor resolution & are not recommended in the evaluation of bladder calculi. Sonogram is effective in identifying both radiolucent & radiopaque stones. The diagnostic modalities of vesical calculi are Urinalysis, urine dipstick test, serum Creatinine level, plain x-ray abdomen &Intravenous Pyelography. They usually present with hematuria, dysuria, frequent urinary tract infection, urinary urgency & bedwetting. Endemic calculi are associated with oxalate-rich diet. Primary vesical calculi occur in sterile urine & are associated with nutritional deficiency whereas Secondary calculi occur due to infection, obstruction or inflammation. Vesical calculi constitute about 70% to 85% of paediatric urolithiasis & boys are affected more than girls. They are usually formed of ammonium acid urate, calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate. Vesical calculi occur due to increased urinary concentration & are commonly seen in children belonging to low socio-economic status. ![]()
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